As American cities brace for a steep influx of patients suffering from or suspected to be infected by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), the sprint is on to make up for a woeful dearth of available医院床。每American Hospital Association数据，该国有924,000张员工医院病床，其中三分之二以上通常被占用。虽然这次大流行期间所需的额外医院总数日复一日地差异，但唯一的结论是需要更多的床。
为了弥补缩小可用性、颞颥ry hospitals have been erected or are in the process of being erected in some unlikely places. These urgent acts of emergency-level adaptive reuse, many of them spearheaded by city agencies, intergovernmental organizations, healthcare providers, the National Guard, and the陆军工程兵团, have taken root on fairgrounds, in football stadiums, in motels, and in Central Park.
Not all of these converted spaces, however, are being used to treat COVID-19 patients, although many will. Some will provide housing to nurses and doctors, some will act as quarantine units, some will house the homeless, and others will serve as fully functional overflow hospitals dedicated to providing care to patients suffering from ailments that aren’t the coronavirus.
To offer assistance in these conversions, the American Institute of Architects (AIA) has even formed a special task force which will release a comprehensive report in early April to help guide decision-making. “This is a race against time for healthcare facilities to meet bed surge capacity needs”说AIA Academy of Architecture for Health president Kirsten Waltz, AIA, ACHA, EDAC, LEED, who is the director of facilities, planning, and design at Baystate Health in Springfield, Massachusetts. “This task force will help inform best practices for quickly assessing building inventory and identifying locations that are most appropriate to be adapted for this crisis.”
以下是全国各地的一些不同建筑物和设施，以在冠状病毒爆发期间提供新的目的。
Convention centers
Boasting boundless and easily adaptable floor space, robust loading docks for moving in and out a high volume of equipment and gear, high-powered ventilation systems, and more than a few ADA-compliant bathrooms, convention centers are natural places to establish temporary hospitals. Manhattan’s Jacob K. Javits Center, normally one of the busiest convention centers in the United States, was最早之一to undergo the transformation into a sprawling, nearly 3,000-bed capacity overflow hospital operated by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. (The Army Corps of Engineers, the New York National Guard, and a team of civilian staffers can be credited for the rapid turnaround.)
全国各地的其他大量会议中心要么被视为潜在的临时医疗枢纽，要么目前正在将其转换为其中包括Kay Bailey Hutchison Convention Center在达拉斯，欧内斯特·N·莫里尔会议中心in New Orleans, Detroit’sTCF Center,McCormick Placein Chicago, theBaltimore Convention Center,洛杉矶会议中心， 和the圣克拉拉会议中心在加利福尼亚的硅谷。
停车场
While many hospital parking structures are now home to drive-though coronavirus testing sites, in at least one major medical facility, Nashville’s Vanderbilt University Medical Center, beds are being搬进停车场to treat those potentially infected by the novel coronavirus at a safe distance from other patients.
This is a photo from a parking garage at Vanderbilt University Hospital in Nashville, TN:pic.twitter.com/phWMTVybVE
- Roshan Rinaldi（@Roshan_Rinaldi）March 22, 2020
Sports fields/stadiums
Originally and still largely used as a military term, field hospitals get their name from their strategic location on wide-open spaces in close proximity to sites of mass injuries and casualties such as, well, battlefields. Twenty-first-century field hospitals are now being erected on battlefields of a different kind that normally see a different sort of frenzied combat: football. CenturyLink Field, home to the Seattle Seahawks, is being converted into a largetemporary treatment centerby the Army and will be dedicated to treating patients with ailments not related to the coronavirus so that beds in overwhelmed Seattle area hospitals are freed up for those suffering from the deadly respiratory disease.
Elsewhere in hard-hit Western Washington, another 200-bed field hospital will be erected on a草皮足球场in the Seattle suburb of Shoreline. Relatedly, football pitch-bound field makeshift hospitalsare now somewhatde rigueur在巴西等国家。
A section of the famed Billie Jean King Tennis Center at Flushing Meadows, Queens–in better times, home to the U.S. Open—will also be covered into a350-bed auxiliary medical centerby New York City Emergency Management.
这field hospital at Century Link will address non COVID-19 medical needs to free up our health delivery system to deal with this virus.
感谢联邦，州和地方各级的合作伙伴实现这一目标。pic.twitter.com/9juaap5bxf
— Governor Jay Inslee (@GovInslee)March 28, 2020
Decommissioned hospitals
由于冠状病毒大流行，关闭的医院（其中许多从未关闭）重生。许多床，最近关闭的医疗设施 - 包括old Sherman Hospitalin Elgin, Illinois, San Francisco’sCalifornia Pacific Medical Center， 和Laurel Regional Hospitalin Maryland—have already or will potentially reopen to accommodate a surge of COVID-19 patients or patients in need of other types of urgent care in overburdened areas.
So the shuttered hospital (old Sherman Hospital in Elgin, IL) where the movie “Contagion”was filmed will be reopened to potentially treat Coronavirus patients.https://t.co/vxi56hrnmp
— Rational Galaxy Brain (@RationalGenius)2020年3月31日
Dorms/college campuses
With students at an overwhelming number of colleges and universities dismissed from attending in-person classes for the rest of the academic year, an ample amount of available real estate has suddenly opened up. As COVID-19 first began to spread across New York City, New York Universitypledged to make available如有需要，其一些现已脱离的宿舍用于共同治疗相关的目的。纽约广大系统SUNY和CUNY公立大学的学生住房也可能会变成紧急医疗设施，隔离设施和/或临时住房。
虽然可以轻松地将宿舍房间改造成治疗空间，但大学和大学也正在考虑转换或已经将其他校园设施转换为现场医院。这McCormack-Nagelsen Tennis Center在弗吉尼亚州的威廉和玛丽学院，以及Liacouras Center在费城坦普尔大学（Temple University），是两个非主大学空间的例子，这些例子将在大流行期间起一个新的目的。
NEW VIDEO: A timelapse video of crews transforming Temple University’s Liacouras Center into a field hospital has been released.@MattPetrilloreports.https://t.co/s1opcybfna
— CBS Philly (@CBSPhilly)2020年3月29日
中央公园
Plenty of strange, sometimes disturbing sights can be seen within Central Park. None, however, quite match the surreally sobering heights of witnessing volunteers erect atent-based respiratory care centerin the middle of New York City’s backyard. Said facility, which will have a capacity of 68 hospital beds and also include an on-site morgue, was established this past weekend in Central Park’s East Meadow by humanitarian aid organization Samaritan’s Purse in partnership with Mount Sinai Health System to “provide care for patients seriously ill with COVID-19.”
I don’t think I’ll ever get over this image, not for all of the days I am on this earth.pic.twitter.com/78pTPMUvZ0
— Lisa Lucas (@likaluca)March 30, 2020
Fairgrounds
Generally only used at a very high capacity for a few weeks of the year, fairgrounds over a vast amount of space with the needed infrastructure—electricity, water, various buildings, arenas, parking lots the size of a small town—already in place.
圣克拉拉县集市in San Jose, California, for example, will take advantage of this advantageous arrangement and temporarily house members of the region’s sizable, highly vulnerable homeless population during the pandemic. Elsewhere in California, the奥兰治县集市被认为是一种潜在的地点，以适应该地区已建立的医疗设施的溢出；这是一个类似的故事Riverside County Fairgrounds在印第安纳州。在加利福尼亚以外，大量Washington State Fairgroundsare being considered as an emergency medical site about 30 miles south of Seattle in the city of Puyallup. In Florida, where the virus is on the verge of exploding in certain areas, a 250-bed facility is already under construction at theMiami-Dade Fairgrounds.
In several states, fairgrounds and their parking lots are already being used to host drive-up coronavirus testing sites.
Hotels and motels
Hotels和汽车旅馆are perhaps the most versatile and, due in part to low occupancy rates brought on by the COVID-19 outbreak, the most readily available spaces to repurpose during a pandemic. Providing privacy, some level of comfort, and isolation, they can be used to treat non-critical patients recovering from the COVID-19-related illnesses, quarantine patients suspected to be infected, house exhausted, high-risk healthcare workers on the frontlines (in sometimesdeluxe accommodations），并为诸如弱势群体提供临时的避风港unsheltered. Officials in various cities including New York, Chicago, Seattle, New Orleans, and Oakland, California, have leased hundreds,even thousands, of hotel and motel rooms to be used in various capacities in the coming weeks, with the陆军工程兵团working to identify and then convert many of them into fully functional temporary medical facilities. Many, of course, have their own ideas as to which specific hotelsshould be used.
